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The Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) [1] [2] is an encapsulation of the Internet Protocol [a] designed to work over serial ports and router connections. It is documented in RFC 1055 . On personal computers, SLIP has largely been replaced by the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which is better engineered, has more features, and does not ...
Modern high speed serial interfaces such as PCIe [2] [3] [4] send data several bits at a time using modulation/encoding techniques such as PAM4 which groups 2 bits at a time into a single symbol, and several symbols are still sent one at the time. This replaces PAM2 or non return to zero (NRZ) which only sends one bit at a time, or in other ...
An example of a USART. A universal synchronous and asynchronous receiver-transmitter (USART, programmable communications interface or PCI) [1] is a type of a serial interface device that can be programmed to communicate asynchronously or synchronously.
Most serial communications designs send the data bits within each byte least significant bit first. Also possible, but rarely used, is most significant bit first; this was used, for example, by the IBM 2741 printing terminal. The order of bits is not usually configurable within the serial port interface but is defined by the host system.
SPI protocol being a de facto standard, some SPI host adapters also have the ability of supporting other protocols beyond the traditional 4-wire SPI (for example, support of quad-SPI protocol or other custom serial protocol that derive from SPI [34]).
This was an early example of a medium-scale integrated circuit. Another popular chip was the SCN2651 from the Signetics 2650 family. An example of an early 1980s UART was the National Semiconductor 8250 used in the original IBM PC's Asynchronous Communications Adapter card. [5] In the 1990s, newer UARTs were developed with on-chip buffers.
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) is a computer serial communications protocol first introduced by IBM as part of its Systems Network Architecture (SNA). SDLC is used as layer 2, the data link layer , in the SNA protocol stack .
Asynchronous start-stop is the lower data-link layer used to connect computers to modems for many dial-up Internet access applications, using a second (encapsulating) data link framing protocol such as PPP to create packets made up out of asynchronous serial characters. The most common physical layer interface used is RS-232D.