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In time series analysis, a fan chart is a chart that joins a simple line chart for observed past data, by showing ranges for possible values of future data together with a line showing a central estimate or most likely value for the future outcomes.
Microsoft's Aurora system offers global 10-day weather and 5-day air pollution (CO 2, NO, NO 2, SO 2, O 3, and particulates) forecasts with claimed accuracy similar to physics-based models, but at orders-of-magnitude lower cost. Aurora was trained on more than a million hours of data from six weather/climate models. [83] [84]
Surface wind direction and speed is also forecast on this type of chart. Wave prognostic charts show the expected sea state at some future time. [ 2 ] Low-level prognostic charts used by aviators show the forecast between the Earth's surface and 24,000 feet (7,300 m) above sea level over the next two days.
The outlooks issued are for Day 1, Day 2, and Days 3–8. The Day 1 product is issued at 4:00 a.m. Central Time and is updated at 1700Z, and is valid from 1200Z to 1200Z the following day. The Day 2 outlook is issued at 1000Z and is updated at 2000Z for the forecast period of 1200Z to 1200Z the following day.
GRIB (GRIdded Binary or General Regularly-distributed Information in Binary form [1]) is a concise data format commonly used in meteorology to store historical and forecast weather data. It is standardized by the World Meteorological Organization 's Commission for Basic Systems, known under number GRIB FM 92-IX, described in WMO Manual on Codes ...
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Maps using isotherms show temperature gradients, [2] which can help locate weather fronts. Isotach maps, analyzing lines of equal wind speed, [3] on a constant pressure surface of 300 or 250 hPa show where the jet stream is located. Use of constant pressure charts at the 700 and 500 hPa level can indicate tropical cyclone motion.
[1] [2] [3] The Rapid Refresh is run at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). It is based on the framework of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF); the Global Forecast System (GFS) provides the boundary parameters. The grid points are spaced every 13 kilometres (8.1 mi), with 50 vertical intervals extending ...