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Some authors have also used the term bufotoxin to describe the conjugate of a bufagin with suberylarginine. [4] The toxic substances found in toads can be divided by chemical structure in two groups: bufadienolides, which are cardiac glycosides (e.g., bufotalin, bufogenin), are undesirable compounds that may be fatal if consumed.
The acute toxicity (LD 50) of bufotenin in rodents has been estimated at 200 to 300 mg/kg. Death occurs by respiratory arrest. [ 34 ] In April 2017, a South Korean man died after consuming bufotenin-containing toads that had been mistaken for edible Asian bullfrogs , [ 53 ] while in Dec. 2019, five Taiwanese men became ill and one man died ...
Poisoning symptoms include colicky abdominal pains, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, disturbed vision, dyspnea, bradycardia, and, in severe cases, cardiac arrest. [11] Specific cardiac glycosides present in E.hyemalis include Eranthin A and B, belonging to the bufadienolide group, [12] also found in (and named for) the toad venom bufotoxin.
When the toad is threatened, its glands secrete a milky-white fluid known as bufotoxin. [51] Components of bufotoxin are toxic to many animals; [52] even human deaths have been recorded due to the consumption of cane toads. [31] Dogs are especially prone to be poisoned by licking or biting toads.
Knowing this it is advisable to monitor those functions continuously using an EKG. As there is no antidote against bufotalin all occurring symptoms need to be treated separately or if possible in combination with others. To increase the clearance theoretically, due to the similarities with digitoxin, cholestyramine, a bile salt, might help. [6]
Bufagin is a toxic steroid C 24 H 34 O 5 [3] obtained from toad's milk, the poisonous secretion of a skin gland on the back of the neck of a large toad (Rhinella marina, synonym Bufo marinus, the cane toad). The toad produces this secretion when it is injured, scared or provoked.
Most toxic amphibians are poisonous to touch or eat. These amphibians usually sequester toxins from animals and plants on which they feed, commonly from poisonous insects or poisonous plants . Except certain salamandrid salamanders that can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and two species of frogs with venom-tipped bone spurs on ...
Negative values of the decimal logarithm of the median lethal dose LD 50 (−log 10 (LD 50)) on a linearized toxicity scale encompassing 11 orders of magnitude. Water occupies the lowest toxicity position (1) while the toxicity scale is dominated by the botulinum toxin (12). [107] The LD 50 values have a very wide range.