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The history of water supply and sanitation is one of a logistical challenge to provide clean water and sanitation systems since the dawn of civilization. Where water resources, infrastructure or sanitation systems were insufficient, diseases spread and people fell sick or died prematurely. Astronaut Jack Lousma taking a shower in space, 1974
The Big Necessity: The Unmentionable World of Human Waste and Why It Matters (published in the United Kingdom as The Big Necessity: Adventures in the World of Human Waste), written by Rose George, is a descriptive representation of the history, advancement, cultural variation, solutions, and international need of sanitation. This work, written ...
Basing its sanitation beliefs on miasma theory (as opposed to germ theory), [2] its agenda was based on the construction of sewage systems, street-paving, and the provision of clean water. [1] The movement spread to the United States in the 1840s, reaching its peak in 1880 before declining in the 1890s. [3]
Sanitation is a global development priority and the subject of Sustainable Development Goal 6. [9] The estimate in 2017 by JMP states that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation. [9] Lack of access to sanitation has an impact not only on public health but also on human dignity and personal safety.
Following the onset of industrialization and the sustained urban growth of large population centres in England, the buildup of waste in the cities caused a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life. The streets became choked with filth due to the lack of waste clearance regulations. [11]
This level of failure represents a total investment of between USD 1.2 and USD 1.5 billion in the last 20 years (as of 2010). [2] These failures often due to poor planning, lack of choice of appropriate technology depending upon the context, insufficient stakeholder involvement at the various stages of the project, and/or lack of maintenance.
Almost 80% of disease in developing countries is caused by poor water quality and other water-related issues that cause deadly health conditions such as cholera, malaria, and diarrhea. [1] It is estimated that diarrhea takes the lives of 1.5 million children every year, majority of which are under the age of five. [2] [3]
Sanitation as defined by the World Health Organization: [2] "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households ...