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The study of the genome is called genomics. The genomes of many organisms have been sequenced and various regions have been annotated. The first genome to be sequenced was that of the virus φX174 in 1977; [ 4 ] the first genome sequence of a prokaryote ( Haemophilus influenzae ) was published in 1995; [ 5 ] the yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ...
The DNA sequence assembly alone is of little value without additional analysis. [9] Genome annotation is the process of attaching biological information to sequences, and consists of three main steps: [68] identifying portions of the genome that do not code for proteins; identifying elements on the genome, a process called gene prediction, and
The core of comparative genome analysis is the establishment of the correspondence between genes (orthology analysis) or other genomic features in different organisms. Intergenomic maps are made to trace the evolutionary processes responsible for the divergence of two genomes.
Computational genomics refers to the use of computational and statistical analysis to decipher biology from genome sequences and related data, [1] including both DNA and RNA sequence as well as other "post-genomic" data (i.e., experimental data obtained with technologies that require the genome sequence, such as genomic DNA microarrays).
Genes are then duplicated to form multigene families which duplicate to form superfamilies spanning multiple chromosomes. Whole genome duplication doubles the number of copies of every gene and gene family. [6] Whole genome duplication or polyploidization can be either autopolyploidization or alloploidization. Autopolyploidization is the ...
The first plant genome – that of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana – was also fully sequenced by 2000. [21] By 2001, a draft of the entire human genome sequence was published. [22] The genome of the laboratory mouse Mus musculus was completed in 2002. [23] In 2004, the Human Genome Project published an incomplete version of the human ...
Ab Initio gene prediction is an intrinsic method based on gene content and signal detection. Because of the inherent expense and difficulty in obtaining extrinsic evidence for many genes, it is also necessary to resort to ab initio gene finding, in which the genomic DNA sequence alone is systematically searched for certain tell-tale signs of protein-coding genes.
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. [75] [76] An example of a variation map is the HapMap being developed by the International HapMap Project.