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The oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids can be carried out using a variety of reagents, but O 2 /air and nitric acid dominate as the oxidants on a commercial scale. Large scale oxidations of this type are used for the conversion of cyclohexanol alone or as a mixture with cyclohexanone to adipic acid. Similarly cyclododecanol is ...
"Glacial acetic acid" is a name for water-free acetic acid. Similar to the German name "Eisessig" ("ice vinegar"), the name comes from the solid ice-like crystals that form with agitation, slightly below room temperature at 16.6 °C (61.9 °F). Acetic acid can never be truly water-free in an atmosphere that contains water, so the presence of 0. ...
Fermentation does not require oxygen. If oxygen is present, some species of yeast (e.g., Kluyveromyces lactis or Kluyveromyces lipolytica) will oxidize pyruvate completely to carbon dioxide and water in a process called cellular respiration, hence these species of yeast will produce ethanol only in an anaerobic environment (not cellular ...
Primary and secondary alcohols, likewise, convert to alkyl bromides using phosphorus tribromide, for example: 3 R−OH + PBr 3 → 3 RBr + H 3 PO 3. In the Barton-McCombie deoxygenation an alcohol is deoxygenated to an alkane with tributyltin hydride or a trimethylborane-water complex in a radical substitution reaction.
Acetobacter is a genus of acetic acid bacteria.Acetic acid bacteria are characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen.Of these, the genus Acetobacter is distinguished by the ability to oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water. [2]
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) incompletely oxidize sugars and alcohols, usually glucose and ethanol, to acetic acid, in a process called AAB oxidative fermentation (AOF). After glycolysis, the produced pyruvate is broken down to acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase, which in turn is oxidized to acetic acid by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.
In acetogenesis, bacteria convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide amongst other compounds. Finally, methanogens convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide. [6] The methanogenic archaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments. [7]
As an example, electrolysis of acetic acid yields ethane and carbon dioxide: CH 3 COOH → CH 3 COO − → CH 3 COO· → CH 3 · + CO 2 2CH 3 · → CH 3 CH 3. Another example is the synthesis of 2,7-dimethyl-2,7-dinitrooctane from 4-methyl-4-nitrovaleric acid: [3] The Kolbe reaction has also been occasionally used in cross-coupling reactions.