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Electromigration (red arrow) is due to the momentum transfer from the electrons moving in a wire. Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms.
Stress migration is a failure mechanism that often occurs in integrated circuit metallization (aluminum, copper). Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or unacceptable resistance increase that impedes the IC performance.
The March of Progress, [1] [2] [3] originally titled The Road to Homo Sapiens, is an illustration that presents 25 million years of human evolution. It was created for the Early Man volume of the Life Nature Library , published in 1965, and drawn by the artist Rudolph Zallinger .
The hominoids are descendants of a common ancestor.. Homo sapiens is a distinct species of the hominid family of primates, which also includes all the great apes. [1] Over their evolutionary history, humans gradually developed traits such as bipedalism, dexterity, and complex language, [2] as well as interbreeding with other hominins (a tribe of the African hominid subfamily), [3] indicating ...
Notes on drift and migration with equations for calculating the effects on allele frequencies of different populations. Via Darwin.EEB.CUonn.edu Archived 31 May 2001 at the Wayback Machine. "Human Evolution" (2011). Britannica.com. Plural Lineages in the Human mtDNA Genome. Via Rafonda.com. Human Timeline (Interactive) (August 2016).
Putative migration waves out of Africa and back migrations into the continent, as well as the locations of major ancient human remains and archeological sites (López et al., 2015). The population brought to South Asia by coastal migration appears to have remained there for some time, during roughly 60,000 to 50,000 years ago, before spreading ...
Modern human presence in Southern Africa and West Africa. [60] Appearance of mitochondrial haplogroup (mt-haplogroup) L2. 80–50 ka MIS 4, beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. Early evidence for behavioral modernity. [61] Appearance of mt-haplogroups M and N. Southern Dispersal migration out of Africa, Proto-Australoid peopling of Oceania. [62]
Cave paintings (such as this one from France) represent a benchmark in the evolutionary history of human cognition. Victorian naturalist Charles Darwin was the first to propose the out-of-Africa hypothesis for the peopling of the world, [40] but the story of prehistoric human migration is now understood to be much more complex thanks to twenty-first-century advances in genomic sequencing.