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Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), also known as geranyl diphosphate (GDP), is the pyrophosphate ester of the terpenoid geraniol. Its salts are colorless. Its salts are colorless. It is a precursor to many thousands of natural products .
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of diterpenes and diterpenoids. [1] It is also the precursor to carotenoids , gibberellins , tocopherols , and chlorophylls . It is also a precursor to geranylgeranylated proteins, which is its primary use in human cells.
Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), also known as farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), is the precursor to all sesquiterpenes, which comprises thousand of compounds. [1] These include all sesquiterpenes as well as sterols and carotenoids . [ 2 ]
Pyrophosphorolysis is the reverse of the polymerization reaction in which pyrophosphate reacts with the 3′-nucleosidemonophosphate (NMP or dNMP), which is removed from the oligonucleotide to release the corresponding triphosphate (dNTP from DNA, or NTP from RNA). The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P 2 O 4− 7, and is an acid anhydride ...
Geranyl chloride also arises by the Appel reaction by treating geraniol with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] It can be oxidized to the aldehyde geranial . [ 12 ] Hydrogenation of the two C=C bonds over a nickel catalyst gives tetrahydrogeraniol.
In both pathways, IPP is isomerized to DMAPP by the enzyme isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase. Geranyl pyrophosphate is the precursor to monoterpenes (and hence monoterpenoids). [ 2 ] Elimination of the pyrophosphate group from geranyl pyrophosphate leads to the formation of acyclic monoterpenes such as ocimene and the myrcenes .
The product of HMG CoA reductase is mevalonate. By combining precursors with 5 carbons, the pathway subsequently produces geranyl pyrophosphate (10 carbons), farnesyl pyrophosphate (15 carbons) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (20 carbons). Two farnesyl pyrophosphate groups can also be combined to form squalene, the precursor for cholesterol.
The pyrophosphate ester of farnesol is the building blocks of possibly all acyclic sesquiterpenoids. These compounds are doubled to form 30-carbon squalene, which is the precursor for steroids in plants, animals, and fungi. [1] Farnesyl pyrophosphate is produced from the reaction of geranyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Farnesyl ...