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Routing of prominent undersea cables that serve as the physical infrastructure of the Internet. The Internet backbone consists of many networks owned by numerous companies. Fiber-optic communication remains the medium of choice for Internet backbone providers for several reasons.
The physical layer includes the medium over which the digital signals are transmitted. It can be twisted pair , coaxial cable , optical fiber , wireless , or other transmission media. Layer 2: data link layer
The history of the Internet originated in the efforts of scientists and engineers to build and interconnect computer networks.The Internet Protocol Suite, the set of rules used to communicate between networks and devices on the Internet, arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration, particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France.
The Internet: It's sure been around awhile. There is now a whole generation that wonders about the purpose of a printed map and why in the world phone directories exist. But even with its ...
The Internet (or internet) [a] is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) [b] to communicate between networks and devices. It is a network of networks that consists of private , public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of ...
This has led to an extension of theory to address what is called "monopoly-finance capital," the "internationalization of monopoly capital," the globalization of the reserve army of labor, and the growing monopolization of communications, most dramatically the Internet. [9] [10] [11]
Several studies and events have helped to define the scope of critical Internet infrastructure. In August 2013, Internet infrastructure experts including Yuval Shavitt, Bill Woodcock, Rossella Mattioli, Thomas Haeberlen, Ethan Katz-Bassett and Roland Dobbins convened for six days at Schloss Dagstuhl to refine the academic and policy understanding of critical Internet infrastructure, producing ...
On 7 October 2013 the Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation was released by the leaders of a number of organizations involved in coordinating the Internet's global technical infrastructure, loosely known as the "I*" (or "I-star") group. Among other things, the statement "expressed strong concern over the undermining of the ...