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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation.. However, in the modern contexts of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries as well as secularised Muslim states like Turkey, and Bangladesh, the religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal sha
The following is a list of internationally recognized Muslim scholars of medieval Islamic civilization who have been described as the father or the founder of a field by some modern scholars: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi: Father of Modern Surgery [1] and the Father of Operative Surgery. [2] Ibn al-Nafis: Father of Circulatory Physiology and Anatomy.
Regnal Name Personal Name Parents Notable Events 1 750 – 8 June 754 al-Saffāḥ: Abū’l-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh Muhammad ibn Ali; Rayta bint Ubaydallah al-Harsia; Descendant of al-Abbas, Muhammad's uncle. Founder of the Abbasid dynasty (second dynasty of Islamic Caliphate). Battle of Talas (751) secures Muslim predominance in Central Asia. 2
Pages in category "Lists of Islamic religious leaders" The following 30 pages are in this category, out of 30 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. A.
The treaty stated that Mu'awiya would not name a successor during his reign, and that he would let the Islamic world choose the next leader. This treaty would later be broken by Mu'awiya as he named his son Yazid I successor. Hasan was assassinated, [69] and Mu'awiya founded the Umayyad Caliphate, supplanting the Rashidun Caliphate.
His uncle, Abdallah ibn Ali, the victor over the Umayyads at the Battle of the Zab, was the most serious potential rival for leadership and al-Mansur sent Abu Muslim, the Khurasani revolutionary commander, against him in 754. After Abu Muslim successfully defeated him, al-Mansur then turned to eliminate Abu Muslim himself.
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day. [citation needed]