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  2. Confusion and diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_and_diffusion

    Diffusion means that if we change a single bit of the plaintext, then about half of the bits in the ciphertext should change, and similarly, if we change one bit of the ciphertext, then about half of the plaintext bits should change. [5] This is equivalent to the expectation that encryption schemes exhibit an avalanche effect.

  3. Avalanche effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect

    In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext. The actual term was first used by Horst Feistel, [1] although the concept dates back to at least Shannon's diffusion. The SHA-1 hash function exhibits good avalanche effect. When a single bit is ...

  4. Visual cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cryptography

    Every pixel from the secret image is encoded into multiple subpixels in each share image using a matrix to determine the color of the pixels. In the (2, n) case, a white pixel in the secret image is encoded using a matrix from the following set, where each row gives the subpixel pattern for one of the components:

  5. Cryptographic hash function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function

    Pre-image resistance Given a hash value h, it should be difficult to find any message m such that h = hash(m). This concept is related to that of a one-way function. Functions that lack this property are vulnerable to preimage attacks. Second pre-image resistance

  6. Ciphertext - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext

    Polygraphic substitution cipher: the unit of substitution is a sequence of two or more letters rather than just one (e.g., Playfair cipher) Transposition cipher: the ciphertext is a permutation of the plaintext (e.g., rail fence cipher) Historical ciphers are not generally used as a standalone encryption technique because they are quite easy to ...

  7. ROT13 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13

    ROT13 is a simple letter substitution cipher that replaces a letter with the 13th letter after it in the Latin alphabet. ROT13 is a special case of the Caesar cipher which was developed in ancient Rome, used by Julius Caesar in the 1st century BC. [1] An early entry on the Timeline of cryptography.

  8. Affine cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_cipher

    The affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher, where each letter in an alphabet is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted using a simple mathematical function, and converted back to a letter. The formula used means that each letter encrypts to one other letter, and back again, meaning the cipher is essentially a ...

  9. Ascon (cipher) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascon_(cipher)

    Ascon-Xof extendable-output function; Ascon-80pq cipher with an "increased" 160-bit key. The main components have been borrowed from other designs: [4] substitution layer utilizes a modified S-box from the χ function of Keccak; permutation layer functions are similar to the of SHA-2.