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Titanium is used regularly in aviation for its resistance to corrosion and heat, and its high strength-to-weight ratio. Titanium alloys are generally stronger than aluminium alloys, while being lighter than steel. It has been used in the earliest Apollo Program and Project Mercury. [36]
A 1948 graduate of MIT, Stanley Abkowitz (1927-2017) was a pioneer in the titanium industry and is credited for the invention of the Ti-6Al-4V during his time at the US Army’s Watertown Arsenal Laboratory in the early 1950s. [4] Titanium/Aluminum/Vanadium alloy was hailed as a major breakthrough with strategic military significance.
The principle is that an object made of a harder material will scratch an object made of a softer material. When testing coatings, scratch hardness refers to the force necessary to cut through the film to the substrate. The most common test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. One tool to make this measurement is the sclerometer.
Titanium is a common material for backpacking cookware and eating utensils. Though more expensive than traditional steel or aluminium alternatives, titanium products can be significantly lighter without compromising strength. Titanium horseshoes are preferred to steel by farriers because they are lighter and more durable. [115]
Steel, stainless steels, hard cast irons, pearlitic malleable iron, titanium, titanium alloys, deep case-hardened steel, other materials harder than 100 HRB: 100: 500 D: HRD: 100: spheroconical diamond † Thin steel and medium case-hardened steel and pearlitic malleable iron: 100: 500 E: HRE: 100: 1 ⁄ 8 in (3.18 mm) ball
Titanium aluminide (chemical formula TiAl), commonly gamma titanium, is an intermetallic chemical compound. It is lightweight and resistant to oxidation [1] and heat, but has low ductility. The density of γ-TiAl is about 4.0 g/cm 3. It finds use in several applications including aircraft, jet engines, sporting equipment and automobiles.
It is isostructural with Si 3 N 4 and was predicted to be harder than diamond. [35] The calculated bond length was 1.47 Å, 5% shorter than the C-C bond length in diamond. Later calculations indicated that the shear modulus is 60% of that of diamond, and carbon nitride is less hard than c-BN.