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L. acidophilus has one phospholipid bilayer membrane with a large cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan exterior to the membrane. The cell wall of L. acidophilus is interwoven with teichoic acids and surface proteins, with anionic and neutral polysaccharides as well as an S-layer lining the exterior of the cell. [5]
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. [2] [3] Until 2020, the genus Lactobacillus comprised over 260 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species; a taxonomic revision of the genus assigned lactobacilli to 25 genera (see § Taxonomy below).
The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus Lactobacillus (90–95%), the most common being L. crispatus, L. iners, L. jensenii, and L. gasseri. [5] Since the first description of lactobacilli by Döderlein, lactobacilli have been generally considered the gatekeepers of the vaginal ecosystem.
Magdalenian Girl" or "Magdalenian Woman" (French: Femme magdalénienne) [2] [3] is the common name for a human skeleton, dated to the boundary between the Upper Paleolithic and the early Mesolithic, ca. 15,000 to 13,000 years old, in the Magdalenian period.
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) is a strain of L. rhamnosus that was isolated in 1983 from the intestinal tract of a healthy human being; filed for a patent on 17 April 1985, by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry Goldin, [11] the 'GG' derives from the first letters of their surnames. [12]
The appendicular skeleton, comprising the arms and legs, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles, contains 126 bones, bringing the total for the entire skeleton to 206 bones. Infants are born with about 270 bones [ 4 ] with most of it being cartilage, but will later fuse together and decrease over time to 206 bones.
Among the best-documented probiotic strains of L. casei, L. casei DN-114001 (Actimel/DanActive) and L. casei Shirota have been extensively studied [19] and are widely available as functional foods. The genomes of these two strains have been sequenced from commercial yogurt, re-designated "LcA" and "LcY" respectively.
Lactobacillus johnsonii is a species in the genus Lactobacillus [1] identified in 1980 by John L. Johnson, an American microbiologist and his associates. [2] Its type strain is ATCC 33200. It is part of the healthy vaginal microbiota and has been identified as having probiotic properties. [ 3 ]