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As used in biology, the indifference curve is a model for how animals 'decide' whether to perform a particular behavior, based on changes in two variables which can increase in intensity, one along the x-axis and the other along the y-axis. For example, the x-axis may measure the quantity of food available while the y-axis measures the risk ...
As this example shows, when like terms exist in an expression, they may be combined by adding or subtracting (whatever the expression indicates) the coefficients, and maintaining the common factor of both terms. Such combination is called combining like terms or collecting like terms, and it is an important tool used for solving equations.
For two qualitative variables (nominal or ordinal in level of measurement), a contingency table can be used to view the data, and a measure of association or a test of independence could be used. [3] If the variables are quantitative, the pairs of values of these two variables are often represented as individual points in a plane using a ...
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data. Although in the broadest sense, "correlation" may indicate any type of association, in statistics it usually refers to the degree to which a pair of variables are linearly related.
The estimate of gamma, G, depends on two quantities: N s, the number of pairs of cases ranked in the same order on both variables (number of concordant pairs), N d, the number of pairs of cases ranked in reversed order on both variables (number of reversed pairs), where "ties" (cases where either of the two variables in the pair are equal) are ...
A set of two or more random variables , …, is called uncorrelated if each pair of them is uncorrelated. This is equivalent to the requirement that the non-diagonal elements of the autocovariance matrix K X X {\displaystyle \operatorname {K} _{\mathbf {X} \mathbf {X} }} of the random vector X = [ X 1 …
Judea Pearl defines a causal model as an ordered triple ,, , where U is a set of exogenous variables whose values are determined by factors outside the model; V is a set of endogenous variables whose values are determined by factors within the model; and E is a set of structural equations that express the value of each endogenous variable as a function of the values of the other variables in U ...
Corner quotes, also called “Quine quotes”; for quasi-quotation, i.e. quoting specific context of unspecified (“variable”) expressions; [3] also used for denoting Gödel number; [4] for example “āGā” denotes the Gödel number of G. (Typographical note: although the quotes appears as a “pair” in unicode (231C and 231D), they ...