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Hominid Fossil site Date Aegyptopithecus: Fayum 34 - 33 M BP Proconsul: Koru 23 - 22 M BP Sahelanthropus tchadensis: Djourab 6 - 7 M BP Orrorin tugenensis: Baringo 6 M BP Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba: Afar Depression 5.8 - 5.2 M BP Ardipithecus ramidus ramidus: Afar Depression 4.4 M BP Kenyanthropus platyops: Lomweki
After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.
Hominid Fossil site Date Australopithecus anamensis: Kanapoi 4.3 - 3.9 M BP Australopithecus afarensis: Hadar 3.9 - 3 M BP Australopithecus africanus: Taung 3.5 - 2.6 M BP Australopithecus bahrelghazali: Koro Toro 3.5 M BP Australopithecus garhi: Afar Depression 2.5 M BP Paranthropus aethiopicus or Australopithecus aethiopicus
In 1972, fragmentary fossils of anatomically modern humans were found at Chouqu and Gangzilin, in Zuojhen District, Tainan, in fossil beds exposed by erosion of the Cailiao River. Though some of the fragments are believed to be more recent, three cranial fragments and a molar tooth have been dated as between 20,000 and 30,000 years old.
A 2018 study claims evidence for human presence at Shangchen, central China, as early as 2.12 Ma based on magnetostratigraphic dating of the lowest layer containing stone artefacts. [ 2 ] It has been suggested that Homo floresiensis was descended from such an early expansion.
Stone tools found at the Shangchen site in China and dated to 2.12 million years ago are considered the earliest known evidence of hominins outside Africa, surpassing Dmanisi hominins found in Georgia by 300,000 years, although whether these hominins were an early species in the genus Homo or another hominin species is unknown. [37
The brains of these early hominins were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee, and their main adaptation was bipedalism as an adaptation to terrestrial living. During the next million years, a process of encephalization began and, by the arrival (about ) of H. erectus in the fossil record, cranial capacity had doubled.
Map of western Eurasia showing areas and estimated dates of possible Neanderthal–modern human hybridization (in red) based on fossil samples from indicated sites. [1] Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans occurred during the Middle Paleolithic and early Upper Paleolithic.