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The term proportional representation may be used to mean fair representation by population as applied to states, regions, etc. However, representation being proportional with respect solely to population size is not considered to make an electoral system "proportional" the way the term is usually used.
In doing so, the method approximately maintains proportional representation, meaning that a party with e.g. twice as many votes will win about twice as many seats. [ 3 ] : 30 The divisor methods are generally preferred by social choice theorists and mathematicians to the largest remainder methods , as they produce more-proportional results by ...
The principle of equal representation is expressed in slogan one man, one vote and relates to proportional representation. The seats-to-votes ratio is used as the basis for the Gallagher index method of analyzing proportionality or disproportionality.
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats roughly proportional to their share of the vote.
Compared to ideal proportional representation, the D'Hondt method reduces somewhat the political fragmentation for smaller electoral district sizes, [1] where it favors larger political parties over small parties. [2] The method was first described in 1792 by American Secretary of State and later President of the United States Thomas Jefferson.
In the study of apportionment, the Hare quota (sometimes called the simple, ideal, or Hamilton quota) is the number of voters represented by each legislator under an idealized system of proportional representation, where every legislator represents an equal number of voters and where every vote is used to elect someone. The Hare quota is the ...
Proportional approval voting (PAV) is a proportional electoral system for multiwinner elections.It is a multiwinner approval method that extends the D'Hondt method of apportionment commonly used to calculate apportionments for party-list proportional representation. [1]
When apportioning seats in proportional representation, it is particularly important to avoid bias between large parties and small parties to avoid strategic voting. André Sainte-Laguë showed theoretically that the Sainte-Laguë method shows the lowest average bias in apportionment, [2] confirmed by different theoretical and empirical ways.