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Refraction can give the impression that Earth's surface is flat, curved more convexly than it is, or even that it is concave (this is what happened in various trials of the Bedford Level experiment). The phenomenon of variable atmospheric bending can be seen when distant objects appear to be broken into pieces or even turned upside down.
The Old Bedford River, photographed from the bridge at Welney, Norfolk (2008); the camera is looking downstream, south-west of the bridge. The Bedford Level experiment was a series of observations carried out along a 6-mile (10 km) length of the Old Bedford River on the Bedford Level of the Cambridgeshire Fens in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries to deny the curvature ...
Diagram showing displacement of the Sun's image at sunrise and sunset Comparison of inferior and superior mirages due to differing air refractive indices, n. Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height. [1]
where h is the observer's height above the Earth, μ is the index of refraction of air at the observer's height, and μ 0 is the index of refraction of air at Earth's surface. The refraction must be found by integration of = , where is the angle between the ray and a line through the center of the Earth.
Image from space: The curved surface of the spherical planet Earth. Spherical Earth or Earth's curvature refers to the approximation of the figure of the Earth to a sphere.The concept of a spherical Earth gradually displaced earlier beliefs in a flat Earth during classical antiquity and the Middle Ages.
In computer graphics and geography, the angle of incidence is also known as the illumination angle of a surface with a light source, such as the Earth's surface and the Sun. [1] It can also be equivalently described as the angle between the tangent plane of the surface and another plane at right angles to the light rays. [2]
Analogous refraction demonstration experiment for the circumzenithal arc. [9] Here, it is mistakenly labelled as an artificial rainbow in Gilberts book. [10] This approach employs the fact that in some cases the average geometry of refraction through an ice crystal may be imitated / mimicked via the refraction through another geometrical object.
Fig. 1: Fermat's principle in the case of refraction of light at a flat surface between (say) air and water. Given an object-point A in the air, and an observation point B in the water, the refraction point P is that which minimizes the time taken by the light to travel the path APB.