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If p is an odd prime and p − 1 = 2 s d with s > 0 and d odd > 0, then for every a coprime to p, either a d ≡ 1 (mod p) or there exists r such that 0 ≤ r < s and a 2 r d ≡ −1 (mod p). This result may be deduced from Fermat's little theorem by the fact that, if p is an odd prime, then the integers modulo p form a finite field , in which ...
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Assessment for AP Computer Science Principles is divided into two parts: a Create Performance Task due during the course, as well as an AP exam. [2] AP Computer Science Principles examines a variety of computing topics on a largely conceptual level, and teaches procedural programming. In the Create "Through-Course Assessment", students must ...
In number theory, given a positive integer n and an integer a coprime to n, the multiplicative order of a modulo n is the smallest positive integer k such that (). [1]In other words, the multiplicative order of a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group of the units in the ring of the integers modulo n.
AP exams (with few exceptions [1]) have a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. AP Studio Art requires students to submit a portfolio for review. AP Computer Science Principles requires students to complete the Create task, which is part of the AP grade for the class. AP exams were taken by subject in 2013.
1.21 1.23 1.18 N/A 1.31 1.30 1.26 Number of Students ... This total is compared to a composite-score scale for that year's exam and converted into an AP score of 1 to 5.
Time-keeping on this clock uses arithmetic modulo 12. Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus.
[1] For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0, because 9 divided by 3 has a quotient of 3 and a remainder of 0. Although typically performed with a and n both being integers, many computing systems now allow other types of numeric ...