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The Netherlands remained one of the most tolerant countries in Europe towards religious belief, although conservative Protestants objected to the liberalization of the Dutch Reformed Church during the 19th century and faced opposition from the government when they tried to establish separate communities (Catholics and other non-Protestants were ...
The free trade spirit of the time was augmented by the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. [40] The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, while Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands. The Dutch East-India Company exchange went public ...
The Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, pronounced [ˈkoːnɪŋkrɛiɡ dɛr ˈneːdərlɑndə(n)] ⓘ; [h], West Frisian: Keninkryk fan de Nederlannen, Papiamento: Reino Hulandes), commonly known simply as the Netherlands, [i] is a sovereign state consisting of a collection of constituent territories united under the monarch of the Netherlands, who functions as head ...
The Kingdom of Holland (Dutch: Koningrijk Holland (contemporary), Koninkrijk Holland (modern); French: Royaume de Hollande) was the successor state of the Batavian Republic. It was created by Napoleon Bonaparte in March 1806 in order to strengthen control over the Netherlands by replacing the republican government with a monarchy.
Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6444-3. John B. Roney (2009). "Chronology". Culture and Customs of the Netherlands. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34808-2. Friso Wielenga (2015). "Timeline". A History of the Netherlands: From the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1 ...
Relief map of the European Netherlands. The European Netherlands has a total area of 41,543 km 2 (16,040 sq mi), including water bodies, and a land area of 33,481 km 2 (12,927 sq mi). The Caribbean Netherlands has a total area of 328 km 2 (127 sq mi) [115] It lies between latitudes 50° and 54° N, and longitudes 3° and 8° E.
New Holland (Nieuw-Holland) comprised territories captured from the Iberian Union in northern and northeastern Brazil, held between 1630 and 1654, and claimed until the 1661 Treaty of the Hague. The conquest was the culmination of the " Grand Design ", a plan by the West India Company to control the sugar trade by seizing the rich Brazilian ...
As Bertrand Russell noted in his A History of Western Philosophy (1945), "He [Descartes] lived in Holland for twenty years (1629–49), except for a few brief visits to France and one to England, all on business. It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of Holland in the 17th century, as the one country where there was freedom of speculation.