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  2. Middle Eastern philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy

    Egyptian philosophy began with development of its ancient cosmology. By 1,000 B.C. philosophers were already proposing four constituent elements in the universe, namely: mist, earth, fire, and water. [3] This formed the basis of their investigations of the heaven and the earth. [3] A tradition of Holism emerged out of this development.

  3. Medieval philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy

    Philosophy seated between the seven liberal arts; picture from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad von Landsberg (12th century).. Medieval philosophy is the philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century until after the Renaissance in the 13th and 14th centuries. [1]

  4. Averroism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism

    Averroes depicted in a painting by Italian artist Andrea di Bonaiuto.Florence, 14th century. Averroism refers to a school of medieval philosophy based on the application of the works of 12th-century Andalusian philosopher Averroes, (known in his time in Arabic as ابن رشد, ibn Rushd, 1126–1198) a commentator on Aristotle, in 13th-century Latin Christian scholasticism.

  5. John Philoponus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philoponus

    John Philoponus (Greek: / f ɪ ˈ l ɒ p ə n ə s /; Ἰωάννης ὁ Φιλόπονος, Ioánnis o Philóponos; c. 490 – c. 570), also known as John the Grammarian or John of Alexandria, was a Coptic Miaphysite [1] philologist, Aristotelian commentator and Christian theologian from Alexandria, Byzantine Egypt, who authored a number of philosophical treatises and theological works.

  6. Middle Platonism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Platonism

    Middle Platonism is the modern name given to a stage in the development of Platonic philosophy, lasting from about 90 BC – when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected the scepticism of the new Academy – until the development of neoplatonism under Plotinus in the 3rd century.

  7. Philology and Middle-earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth

    Among the many influences of philology on his Middle-earth writings, Tolkien's visit to the temple of Nodens at a place called "Dwarf's Hill" and the subsequent philological study of an inscription with a curse upon a ring that he conducted, may have been seminal, inspiring his Dwarves, Mines of Moria, Rings of Power, and Celebrimbor "Silver-Hand", an Elven-smith who contributed to Moria's ...

  8. On the Consolation of Philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Consolation_of...

    From the Carolingian epoch [12] to the end of the Middle Ages and beyond, The Consolation of Philosophy was one of the most popular and influential philosophical works, read by statesmen, poets, historians, philosophers, and theologians. It is through Boethius that much of the thought of the Classical period was made available to the Western ...

  9. European science in the Middle Ages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_science_in_the...

    European science in the Middle Ages comprised the study of nature, mathematics and natural philosophy in medieval Europe. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the decline in knowledge of Greek , Christian Western Europe was cut off from an important source of ancient learning .