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Examples of Regelbau designs that were used in the construction of the Neckar-Enz position. The Regelbau (German for "standard(ised) construction") were a series of standardised bunker designs built in large numbers by the Germans in the Siegfried Line (German: Westwall) and the Atlantic Wall as part of their defensive fortifications prior to and during the Second World War.
Often sited in pairs, the blockhouses were not built to a common design, but usually consisted of a stone tower and bastion or gun platform, which could be semi-circular, rectangular or irregular in shape. [6] The last blockhouse of this type was Cromwell's Castle, built in Scilly in 1651.
The flak towers had also been designed with the idea of using the above-ground bunkers as a civilian shelter, with room for 10,000 civilians and a hospital ward inside. During the Battle of Berlin , occupants formed their own communities, with up to 30,000 Berliners taking refuge in one tower during the battle.
Originally, the plan for the aircraft hangar (German Kavernenflugplatz) included the possibility of launching combat aircraft from the mountain air base. High costs and technical difficulties prevented these plans from being realised. [14] [15] The idea of using roads as runways was later part of the design demands for the Swiss motorway network.
Bunkers deflect the blast wave from nearby explosions to prevent ear and internal injuries to people sheltering in the bunker. While frame buildings collapse from as little as 21 kPa (3 psi ; 0.21 bar ) of overpressure , bunkers are regularly constructed to survive over 1,000 kPa (150 psi; 10 bar).
A World War II hexagonal pillbox on the bank of the Mells River at Lullington, Somerset, England A British mini-pillbox in Jerusalem. A pillbox is a type of blockhouse, or concrete dug-in guard-post, often camouflaged, normally equipped with loopholes through which defenders can fire weapons.
The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes. [60] [61] Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months.
In bunkers designed for war-time use, manually operated ventilators must be provided because supplies of electricity or gas are unreliable. The simplest form of effective fan to cool a shelter is a wide, heavy frame with flaps that swings in the shelter's doorway and can be swung from hinges on the ceiling.