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If the tibia pulls forward or backward more than normal, the test is considered positive. Excessive displacement of the tibia anteriorly suggests that the anterior cruciate ligament is injured, whereas excessive posterior displacement of the tibia may indicate injury of the posterior cruciate ligament. [3]
Similar to anterior drawer test, the knee should be flexed 90 degrees and the tibia is pushed backwards. If the tibia can be pushed posteriorly, then the posterior drawer test is positive. In tibial sag test, both knees are flexed at 90 degrees with the person in supine position and bilateral feet touching the bed.
An additional test of posterior cruciate ligament injury is the posterior sag test, where, in contrast to the drawer test, no active force is applied. Rather, the person lies supine with the leg held by another person so that the hip is flexed to 90 degrees and the knee 90 degrees. [ 3 ]
[7] [8] Beware of a possible medial knee injury in the face of a positive dial test. Posterolateral Drawer Test - The posterolateral drawer test is similar to the commonly known posterior drawer test for PCL stability. Have the patient lie on their back with the knee flexed at 90° and externally rotate the foot to approximately 15°.
Diagnosis may be suspected based on the history of the injury and physical examination [5] which may include anterior drawer test, valgus stress test, varus stress test, and posterior sag test. [5] An accurate physical exam can be difficult due to pain. [5] Plain X-rays, CT scan, ultrasonography, or MRI may help with the diagnosis.
The McMurray test is named after Thomas Porter McMurray, [2] a British orthopedic surgeon from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century who was the first to describe this test. The description of the test has since been altered from the original by various authors. [3] Most commonly, varus and valgus stress to the knee is added. These ...
In order to perform the test, the patient lies prone (face-down) on an examination table and flexes their knee to a ninety degree angle. The examiner then places his or her own knee across the posterior aspect of the patient's thigh. The tibia is then compressed onto the knee joint while being externally rotated. If this maneuver produces pain ...
The Lachman test is a clinical test used to diagnose injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It is recognized as reliable, sensitive, and usually superior to the anterior drawer test . [ 1 ]