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The Northern Ireland Protocol of the Brexit withdrawal agreement commits the UK and the EU to maintaining an open border in Ireland, so that (in many respects) the de facto frontier is the Irish Sea border between the two islands. This requires the continued application of the Common Travel Area as well as free trade of goods (including ...
The border at Killeen (viewed from the UK side) marked only by a metric (km/h) speed limit sign. Originally intended as an internal boundary within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the border was created in 1921 under the United Kingdom Parliament's Government of Ireland Act 1920. [5]
The Protocol instead creates a de facto customs border in the Irish Sea between Northern Ireland and Great Britain. [4] [5] [6] Principally to address concerns of Ulster Unionists about the Protocol, in 2022-23 the EU and UK agreed revised arrangements for its operation – the Windsor Framework – which took effect on 24 March 2023. [1]
Partition of Ireland in 1920 into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. This partition was only partially implemented as, following the Irish War of Independence, Southern Ireland became the Irish Free State; Treaty of Kars of 1921, which partitioned Ottoman Armenia between Turkey and the Soviet Union (Western and Eastern Armenia).
A de facto regulation may be followed by an organization as a result of the market size of the jurisdiction imposing the regulation as a proportion of the overall market; wherein the market share is so large that it results in the organization choosing to comply by implementing one standard of business with respect to the given de facto law ...
The Irish question and British politics, 1868–1986 (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1988). Cauvet, Philippe. "‘It’s not just the economy, stupid!’ Brexit, the Good Friday Agreement and the Irish border conundrum." Observatoire de la société britannique 24 (2019): 105-118. online in English; Doyle, John, and Eileen Connolly.
The Irish Sea border is an informal term for the trade border between Northern Ireland and Great Britain.It was specified by the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol of the Brexit withdrawal agreement (February 2020), was refined by the Joint Committee in December 2020, [1] and came into effect on 1 January 2021 following the end of the Brexit transition period.
The Border Region's highest point, Errigal, at 751 m (2,464 ft), is composed of Precambrian quartzite. Ireland's oldest rocks, laid down 1.78 billion years ago, are found on the island of Inishtrahull. [22] Inishtrahull is Ireland's most northerly island, located approximately 10 km north of Malin Head, mainland Ireland's most northerly point.