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Cardiac markers are used for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome and for management and prognosis in patients with diseases like acute heart failure. Most of the early markers identified were enzymes, and as a result, the term "cardiac enzymes" is sometimes used. However, not ...
The CPK-MB test (creatine phosphokinase-MB), also known as CK-MB test, is a cardiac marker [3] used to assist diagnoses of an acute myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, or myocarditis. It measures the blood level of CK-MB (creatine kinase myocardial band), the bound combination of two variants (isoenzymes CKM and CKB ) of the enzyme ...
The diagnosis of myocardial infarction requires two out of three components (history, ECG, and enzymes). When damage to the heart occurs, levels of cardiac markers rise over time, which is why blood tests for them are taken over a 24-hour period. Because these enzyme levels are not elevated immediately following a heart attack, patients ...
Treatment aims to preserve as much heart muscle as possible, and to prevent further complications. [28] Treatment depends on whether the myocardial infarction is a STEMI or NSTEMI. [72] Treatment in general aims to unblock blood vessels, reduce blood clot enlargement, reduce ischemia, and modify risk factors with the aim of preventing future ...
Heart murmurs may indicate the presence of valvular heart disease, either as a cause (e.g., aortic stenosis) or as a consequence (e.g., mitral regurgitation) of heart failure. [32] Reverse insufficiency of the left ventricle causes congestion in the blood vessels of the lungs so that symptoms are predominantly respiratory. Reverse insufficiency ...
Excess catecholamines, when released directly by nerves that stimulate cardiac muscle cells, have a toxic effect and can lead to decreased cardiac muscular function or "stunning". [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Further, this adrenaline surge triggers the arteries to tighten , thereby raising blood pressure and placing more stress on the heart, and may lead to ...