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In mathematics, a vertex operator algebra (VOA) is an algebraic structure that plays an important role in two-dimensional conformal field theory and string theory.In addition to physical applications, vertex operator algebras have proven useful in purely mathematical contexts such as monstrous moonshine and the geometric Langlands correspondence.
If the parabola's vertex is on the -axis, then the corresponding equation has a single repeated root on the line of symmetry, and this distance term is zero; algebraically, the discriminant = .
() = + is called the vertex form, where h and k are the x and y coordinates of the vertex, respectively. The coefficient a is the same value in all three forms. To convert the standard form to factored form , one needs only the quadratic formula to determine the two roots r 1 and r 2 .
In contrast, the graph of the function f(x) + k = x 2 + k is a parabola shifted upward by k whose vertex is at (0, k), as shown in the center figure. Combining both horizontal and vertical shifts yields f(x − h) + k = (x − h) 2 + k is a parabola shifted to the right by h and upward by k whose vertex is at (h, k), as shown in the bottom figure.
Let T be a spanning tree for Y and define the fundamental group Γ to be the group generated by the vertex groups G x and elements y for each edge of Y with the following relations: y = y −1 if y is the edge y with the reverse orientation. y φ y,0 (x) y −1 = φ y,1 (x) for all x in G y. y = 1 if y is an edge in T. This definition is ...
A vertex of an angle is the endpoint where two lines or rays come together. In geometry, a vertex (pl.: vertices or vertexes) is a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet or intersect. As a consequence of this definition, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the corners of polygons and polyhedra are vertices. [1] [2] [3]
A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).
A graph with 6 vertices and 7 edges where the vertex number 6 on the far-left is a leaf vertex or a pendant vertex. In discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges (unordered pairs of vertices), while a directed graph ...