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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
To medieval Christians, Diocletian was the most loathsome of all Roman emperors. [345] From the 4th century on, Christians would describe the great persecution of Diocletian's reign as a bloodbath. [346] The Liber Pontificalis, a collection of biographies of the popes, alleges 17,000 martyrs within a single thirty-day period. [347]
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Elagabalus was born in 203 or 204, [b] to Sextus Varius Marcellus and Julia Soaemias Bassiana, [17] who had probably married around the year 200 (and no later than 204). [18] [19] Elagabalus's full birth name was probably (Sextus) Varius Avitus Bassianus, [c] the last name being apparently a cognomen of the Emesene dynasty. [20]
235 – Battle at the Harzhorn - Roman army under Emperor Maximinus Thrax defeats a German army while withdrawing back to Roman territory. 250 – Battle of Philippopolis – King Cniva of the Goths defeats a Roman army. 251, Summer – Battle of Abrittus – Goths defeat and kill the Roman Emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus
During this meeting, the emperors agreed on the so-called Edict of Milan, [a] officially granting full tolerance to "Christianity and all" religions in the Empire. [104] The document had special benefits for Christians, legalizing their religion and granting them restoration for all property seized during Diocletian's persecution.
Antoninus Elagabalus (204–222, ruled 218–222) was made emperor as a teenager by conspirators against Macrinus. He proved uncontrollable, indulging himself in sexual orgies and human sacrifice, appointing incompetent favorites to office, and defiling all religions other than his own. [6] Justin II (c. 520 –578, ruled 15 November 565–574).
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy [1] or the Imperial Crisis (235–284), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.