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It contains groups of socially and/or theologically conservative or liberal factions with differing emphases on various topics such as liturgical renewal, [20] [21] confessional Lutheranism, charismatic revivalism, moderate to liberal theology, and liberal activism.
The group describes itself as embodying the "theological center of Lutheranism in North America", noting that it stands between the more liberal Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and the more conservative Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and other Lutheran church bodies in North America, "firmly within the global Lutheran ...
Lutherans in America: A New History (2015) Meyer, Carl S. Moving Frontiers: Readings in the History of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod (1986) Roeber, A. G. Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (1998) Wengert, Timothy J. and Mark Granquist, eds. Dictionary of Luther and the Lutheran Traditions (2017)
LCMC is characterized by the stances it takes on Lutheran polity, biblical authority, and human sexuality. The group describes itself as "centrist" or "mainstream", noting that it stands between the more liberal ELCA and the more conservative Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and other Lutheran church bodies in North America.
Beginning in 1867, confessional and liberal minded Lutherans in Germany joined to form the Common Evangelical Lutheran Conference against the ever looming prospect of a state-mandated union with the Reformed. [233] However, they failed to reach consensus on the degree of shared doctrine necessary for church union. [39]
Founded in 1993, the International Lutheran Council (ILC) is the second largest international association of Lutheran churches after the LWF, representing 7.15 million Lutherans in 54 church bodies as of 2018. [134] [135] Unlike the members of the LWF, not all members of the ILC are in altar and pulpit fellowship with one another.
The LCA ordained the country's first female Lutheran pastor, Elizabeth Platz, in November 1970. In 1970, a survey of 4,745 Lutheran adults by Strommen et al., found that 75 percent of LCA Lutherans surveyed agreed that women should be ordained, compared with 66 percent of ALC members and 45 percent of Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod members. [1]
At present the Lutheran Church of Australia has elected only to be an associate member of the two large worldwide Lutheran fellowships, the LWF and ILC. More conservative groups of Australian Lutherans exist as the Evangelical Lutheran Congregations of the Reformation (ELCR) and the Australian Evangelical Lutheran Church.