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The History of Computing by J.A.N. Lee "Things that Count: the rise and fall of calculators" The History of Computing Project; SIG on Computers, Information and Society of the Society for the History of Technology; The Modern History of Computing; A Chronology of Digital Computing Machines (to 1952) by Mark Brader
A logical machine or logical abacus is a tool containing a set of parts that uses energy to perform formal logic operations through the use of truth tables. Early logical machines were mechanical devices that performed basic operations in Boolean logic .
An abacus (pl.: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1]
A Brief History of Computing, by Stephen White. An excellent computer history site; the present article is a modified version of his timeline, used with permission. The Evolution of the Modern Computer (1934 to 1950): An Open Source Graphical History, article from Virtual Travelog
History of computing hardware (1960s–present) History of floating-point arithmetic; History of hypertext; History of numerical solution of differential equations using computers; History of operating systems; History of software; History of software engineering; History of tablet computers; History of the graphical user interface; History of ...
Computer Systems Development: History Organization and Implementation. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-92399-2. (British survey of DP managers) Greenia, Mark W. (2003). History of Computing: A Chronology of the People and Machines That Made Computer History, rev. ed. Lexikon Services. ISBN 0-944601-26-X. Gunning, W.F. (1952).
Timeline of computing presents events in the history of computing organized by year and grouped into six topic areas: predictions and concepts, first use and inventions, hardware systems and processors, operating systems, programming languages, and new application areas.
The company was created in 1942 as “La Société Française des Brevets LogAbax”.In 1947 it employs twenty people and has a factory located at Malakoff.The company obtains a contract from CNRS for the construction of a "Couffignal machine", intended to be the fist French "electronic calculation machine". [2]