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A mandrake is the root of a plant, historically derived either from plants of the genus Mandragora (in the family Solanaceae) found in the Mediterranean region, or from other species, such as Bryonia alba (the English mandrake, in the family Cucurbitaceae) or the American mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum in the family Berberidaceae) which have similar properties.
The names autumn mandrake and Mediterranean mandrake are then used. [3] Whatever the circumscription, Mandragora officinarum is a perennial herbaceous plant with ovate leaves arranged in a rosette, a thick upright root, often branched, and bell-shaped flowers followed by yellow or orange berries .
Mandragora species have a long use in traditional medicine, extracts being used for their real or supposed aphrodisiac, hypnotic, emetic, purgative, sedative, and pain-killing effects. [2] Tropane alkaloids are known to be effective as analgesics and anaesthetics, and can be used to increase circulation and dilate pupils, among other effects. [9]
Mandragora species have a long use in traditional medicine, an extract being used for its real or supposed aphrodisiac, hypnotic, emetic, purgative, sedative and pain-killing effects. Tropane alkaloids are known to be effective as analgesics and anaesthetics, and can be used to increase circulation and dilate pupils, among other effects. [ 4 ]
Mandragora turcomanica, the Turkmenian mandrake, [3] is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to the Köpet Dag mountains in Turkmenistan and one location in neighbouring Iran. It differs from the mandrakes found around the Mediterranean (Mandragora autumnalis and/or Mandragora officinarum) chiefly by being larger.
Bryonia cretica, also known as Cretan bryony or English mandrake is a perennial species of Bryonia. [2]Its flowers bloom in the summer and usually grow between 3 and 5mm. Its fruit, which is not for human consumption, can normally be harvested at any time except in late winter.
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Mandragora autumnalis, mandrake or autumn mandrake Mandragora caulescens , Himalayan mandrake Mandragora officinarum , mandrake or Mediterranean mandrake, the type species of the genus