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Currently, the language may be acquired by children, for a population estimate as recent as 2007 lists an increase to 1,000 speakers and notes that the language is in use in schools, bilingual education efforts begun on Wind River Reservation in the 1980s and the Arapaho Language Lodge, a successful immersion program, was established in 1993 ...
The Arapaho Project" is an effort made by the Arapaho people to promote and restore their traditional language and culture. [8] Despite hope for the language, its relatively few active users and the fact that it has seen recent population decreases render Arapaho an endangered language. Ethnologue deems it "moribund". [1]
It had speakers among the Northern Arapaho as recently as the late 1920s. [citation needed] Nawathinehena is also attested only from a word list collected by Kroeber, and was the most divergent language of the group. [citation needed] [3] Another reported Arapahoan variety is the extinct Ha'anahawunena, but there is no documentation of it.
Arapaho language instruction is also offered all throughout grade school. However, the number of students that take the subject is wavering and those who learn typically only retain a selection of memorized vocabulary. There is widespread interest in keeping the language alive for the Northern Arapaho, and their outlook remains positive in ...
The program was designed to overcome language and cultural barriers and offer Indian students access to college materials and individual instruction. [23] Through the 1960s and 1970s, more alternatives developed to federal schools, including expansion of public school districts, and some tribes establishing their own tribal schools.
Viola Hatch was a member of the following organizations: American Indian Movement, board member of the National Indian Youth Council, Cheyenne & Arapaho Elder board member, Southern Arapaho language advisory board, Bear Butte forum, lead walker and organizer for the Family & Mother Earth Walk.
The Arapaho language, Heenetiit, is an Algonquian language closely related to Gros Ventre (Ahe/A'ananin), whose people are seen as an early offshoot of the Arapaho. Blackfeet and Cheyenne are the other Algonquian-speakers on the Plains, but their languages are quite different from Arapaho.
1998. "Ethnolinguistic Dimensions of Northern Arapaho Language Shift", Anthropological Linguistics 40:1:1–64. 2001. "The Motion-Shape of Whirlwind Woman in Arapaho Women's Quillwork". European Review of Native American Studies. 14:1:11–21. 2002. "Northern Arapaho Conversion of a Christian Text: The Our Father". Ethnohistory 48:4:689–712 ...