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For most students, factoring by inspection is the first method of solving quadratic equations to which they are exposed. [ 6 ] : 202–207 If one is given a quadratic equation in the form x 2 + bx + c = 0 , the sought factorization has the form ( x + q )( x + s ) , and one has to find two numbers q and s that add up to b and whose product is c ...
Unlike methods involving factoring the equation, which is reliable only if the roots are rational, completing the square will find the roots of a quadratic equation even when those roots are irrational or complex. For example, consider the equation + =
However, even for solving quadratic equations, the factoring method was not used before Harriot's work published in 1631, ten years after his death. [3] In his book Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas, Harriot drew tables for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of monomials, binomials, and trinomials.
A similar but more complicated method works for cubic equations, which have three resolvents and a quadratic equation (the "resolving polynomial") relating and , which one can solve by the quadratic equation, and similarly for a quartic equation (degree 4), whose resolving polynomial is a cubic, which can in turn be solved. [14]
The quadratic equation on a number can be solved using the well-known quadratic formula, which can be derived by completing the square. That formula always gives the roots of the quadratic equation, but the solutions are expressed in a form that often involves a quadratic irrational number, which is an algebraic fraction that can be evaluated ...
Each coordinate of the intersection points of two conic sections is a solution of a quartic equation. The same is true for the intersection of a line and a torus.It follows that quartic equations often arise in computational geometry and all related fields such as computer graphics, computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing and optics.
These methods are not used for computer computations because they use integer factorization, which is currently slower than polynomial factorization. The two methods that follow start from a univariate polynomial with integer coefficients for finding factors that are also polynomials with integer coefficients.
Polynomial equations of degree up to four can be solved exactly using algebraic methods, of which the quadratic formula is the simplest example. Polynomial equations with a degree of five or higher require in general numerical methods (see below) or special functions such as Bring radicals , although some specific cases may be solvable ...