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Image restoration theory is grounded in two fundamental assumptions. Communication is a goal-directed activity . Communicators may have multiple goals that are not collectively compatible, but people try to achieve goals that are most important to them at the time, with reasonable cost.
Reputational damage is the loss to financial capital, social capital and/or market share resulting from damage to an organization's reputation. This is often measured in lost revenue, increased operating, capital or regulatory costs, or destruction of shareholder value. [1]
Reputation laundering occurs when a person or an organization conceals unethical, corrupt, or criminal behavior or other forms of controversy by performing highly visible positive actions with the intent to improve their reputation and obscure their history.
Character assassination (CA) is a deliberate and sustained effort to damage the reputation or credibility of an individual. [1] The phrase "character assassination" became popular around 1930. [ 2 ] This concept, as a subject of scholarly study, was originally introduced by Davis (1950) [ 3 ] in a collection of essays revealing the dangers of ...
A smear campaign is an intentional, premeditated effort to undermine an individual's or group's reputation, credibility, and character. [4] Like negative campaigning, most often smear campaigns target government officials, politicians, political candidates, and other public figures. [5]
Reputation is a social construct based on the opinion other people hold about a person or thing. Before the internet was developed, consumers wanting to learn about a company had fewer options. They had access to resources such as the Yellow Pages, but mostly relied on word-of-mouth. A company's reputation depended on personal experience.
In actuarial science and applied probability, ruin theory (sometimes risk theory [1] or collective risk theory) uses mathematical models to describe an insurer's vulnerability to insolvency/ruin. In such models key quantities of interest are the probability of ruin, distribution of surplus immediately prior to ruin and deficit at time of ruin.
On the other hand, according to Article 203, there is an exemption for the application of the aforementioned articles (insult and defamation) when the specific context is that of a scientific work, literary work, work of art, public information conducted by a politician or a government official, journalistic work, or the defence of a right or ...