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These neurosteroids have excitatory effects on neurotransmission. They act as potent negative allosteric modulators of the GABA A receptor, weak positive allosteric modulators of the NMDA receptor, and/or agonists of the σ 1 receptor, and mostly have antidepressant, anxiogenic, cognitive and memory-enhancing, convulsant, neuroprotective, and neurogenic effects.
This is a list of neurosteroids, or natural and synthetic steroids that are active on the mammalian nervous system through receptors other than steroid hormone receptors. It includes inhibitory , excitatory , and neurotrophic neurosteroids as well as pheromones and vomeropherines .
Pregnenolone and its 3β-sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and progesterone, belong to the group of neurosteroids that are found in high concentrations in certain areas of the brain, and are synthesized there. Neurosteroids affect synaptic functioning, are neuroprotective, and enhance myelinization.
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Allopregnanolone is a naturally occurring neurosteroid which is made in the body from the hormone progesterone. [10] [11] As a medication, allopregnanolone is referred to as brexanolone, sold under the brand name Zulresso, [6] [12] and used to treat postpartum depression.
In pharmacology, GABA A receptor positive allosteric modulators, also known as GABAkines or GABA A receptor potentiators, [1] are positive allosteric modulator (PAM) molecules that increase the activity of the GABA A receptor protein in the vertebrate central nervous system. GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Neuropharmacology is a very broad region of science that encompasses many aspects of the nervous system from single neuron manipulation to entire areas of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. To better understand the basis behind drug development, one must first understand how neurons communicate with one another. [citation needed]
By looking at brain activity at the neuron level, researchers can link brain activity to behavior and create neuronal maps describing flow of information through the brain. For example, Boraud et al. report the use of single unit recordings to determine the structural organization of the basal ganglia in patients with Parkinson's disease . [ 32 ]