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The four major domains of modern physics. Classical physics is a group of physics theories that predate modern, more complete, or more widely applicable theories. If a currently accepted theory is considered to be modern, and its introduction represented a major paradigm shift, then the previous theories, or new theories based on the older paradigm, will often be referred to as belonging to ...
Thermodynamics. According to van der Waals, the theorem of corresponding states (or principle/law of corresponding states) indicates that all fluids, when compared at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure, have approximately the same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideal gas behavior to about the same degree. [1][2 ...
The superposition principle, [1] also known as superposition property, states that, for all linear systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that would have been caused by each stimulus individually. So that if input A produces response X, and input B produces response Y, then input (A + B) produces ...
There is a large number of perturbation theory based equations of state available today, [19] [20] e.g. for the classical Lennard-Jones fluid. [ 7 ] [ 21 ] The two most important theories used for these types of equations of state are the Barker-Henderson perturbation theory [ 22 ] and the Weeks–Chandler–Andersen perturbation theory.
d'Alembert's paradox. Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783) From experiments it is known that there is always – except in case of superfluidity – a drag force for a body placed in a steady fluid onflow. The figure shows the drag coefficient Cd for a sphere as a function of Reynolds number Re, as obtained from laboratory experiments.
Statistical mechanics. Fermi–Dirac statistics is a type of quantum statistics that applies to the physics of a system consisting of many non-interacting, identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle. A result is the Fermi–Dirac distribution of particles over energy states. It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, each ...
Particle number. In classical thermodynamics, entropy (from Greek τρoπή (tropḗ) 'transformation') is a property of a thermodynamic system that expresses the direction or outcome of spontaneous changes in the system. The term was introduced by Rudolf Clausius in the mid-19th century to explain the relationship of the internal energy that ...
In physics, Lagrangian mechanics is a formulation of classical mechanics founded on the stationary-action principle (also known as the principle of least action). It was introduced by the Italian-French mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange in his presentation to the Turin Academy of Science in 1760 [ 1 ] culminating in his 1788 ...