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The dawn phenomenon, sometimes called the dawn effect, is an observed increase in blood sugar (glucose) levels that takes place in the early-morning, often between 2 a.m. and 8 a.m. First described by Schmidt in 1981 as an increase of blood glucose or insulin demand occurring at dawn, [ 1 ] this naturally occurring phenomenon is frequently seen ...
The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism at a specific location in the body which leads to a reduction in the concentration of the active drug before it reaches the site of action or systemic circulation. [1][2] The effect is most associated with orally administered ...
Sundowning. Sundowning, or sundown syndrome, [1] is a neurological phenomenon associated with increased confusion and restlessness in people with delirium or some form of dementia. It is most commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease but is also found in those with other forms of dementia.
Kolcaba's theory successfully addresses the four elements of nursing metaparadigm. [3] Providing comfort in physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental aspects in order to reduce harmful tension is a conceptual assertion of this theory. [3] When nursing interventions are effective, the outcome of enhanced comfort is attained. [2]
Chronic Somogyi rebound is a contested explanation of phenomena of elevated blood sugars experienced by diabetics in the morning. Also called the Somogyi effect and posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia, it is a rebounding high blood sugar that is a response to low blood sugar. [1] When managing the blood glucose level with insulin injections, this ...
The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is an increase between 38% and 75% in cortisol levels peaking 30–45 minutes after awakening in the morning in some people. [1] This rise is superimposed upon the late-night rise in cortisol which occurs before awakening. While its purpose is uncertain, it may be linked to the hippocampus ' preparation of ...
The first-dose phenomenon is a sudden and severe fall in blood pressure that can occur when changing from a lying to a standing position the first time that an alpha blocker drug is used [1] or when resuming the drug after many months off. [2] This postural hypotension usually happens shortly after the first dose is absorbed into the blood and ...
Nursing theory is defined as "a creative and conscientious structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena". [1] Through systematic inquiry, whether in nursing research or practice, nurses are able to develop knowledge relevant to improving the care of patients. Theory refers to "a coherent group of ...