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Clonidine. Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α 2A -adrenergic agonist [12] medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, drug withdrawal (alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, spasticity, and certain pain conditions. [13]
Alpha-adrenergic agonist. Alpha-adrenergic agonists are a class of sympathomimetic agents that selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors. The alpha-adrenergic receptor has two subclasses α 1 and α 2. Alpha 2 receptors are associated with sympatholytic properties. Alpha-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of alpha blockers.
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the G i heterotrimeric G-protein. It consists of three highly homologous subtypes, including α 2A -, α 2B -, and α 2C -adrenergic. Some species other than humans express a fourth α 2D -adrenergic receptor as well. [1]
Alpha-1 blocker. Alpha-1 blockers (also called alpha-adrenergic blocking agents or alpha-1 antagonists) constitute a variety of drugs that block the effect of catecholamines on alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. They are mainly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hypertension and post-traumatic stress disorder. [1]
Ganglionic blocker. A ganglionic blocker (or ganglioplegic) is a type of medication that inhibits transmission between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system, often by acting as a nicotinic receptor antagonist. [1] Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found on skeletal muscle, but also within the route of ...
Sympatholytic. A sympatholytic (sympathoplegic) drug is a medication that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). [1] They are indicated for various functions; for example, they may be used as antihypertensives.
Common side effects include: low blood pressure, cough, hyperkalemia, headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and kidney impairment. [18][19] The main adverse effects of ACE inhibition can be understood from their pharmacological action. The other reported adverse effects are liver problems and effects on the fetus. [19]
Imidazoline receptors are the primary receptors on which clonidine and other imidazolines act. [1] [2] [3] There are three main classes of imidazoline receptor: I 1 is involved in inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system to lower blood pressure, [4] I 2 has as yet uncertain functions but is implicated in several psychiatric conditions, [5] [6] and I 3 regulates insulin secretion.