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The Yuan Dynasty fell in 1368, overthrown by the Chinese rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang, who established the Ming Dynasty and became known as the Hongwu emperor. The most enduring part of the Mongol Empire proved to be the Golden Horde.
When Möngke Khan died in 1259, the Mongol Empire was at its greatest extent, reaching from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, and from the frozen north of Europe in what is now Russia, to the heat of India’s borders in the south.
The part of the empire that fell first was the Ilkhanate, which disintegrated in the period of 1335–1353. Next, the Yuan dynasty lost control of the Tibetan Plateau and China proper in 1354 and 1368, respectively, and collapsed after its capital of Dadu was taken over by Ming forces.
The fall of Beijing in 1215 marked the loss of all the territory north of the Huang He (Yellow River) to the Mongols; during the following years the Jin empire was reduced to the role of a buffer state between the Mongols in the north and the Chinese Song empire in the south. Other campaigns were launched against central Asia.
The fall of the Mongol Empire in 1368 came after failed military campaigns, external rebellion, and infighting between the four khanates over succession. The Mongol Empire ruled much of Asia from 1206 to 1368.
The fall of the Mongol Empire was due to a combination of internal fragmentation, overextension, administrative challenges, economic difficulties, revolts, and the impact of the Black Death. The empire gradually disintegrated into smaller khanates and was eventually overtaken by emerging powers.
Below, World History Edu explores the origin story, rise, conquests, and fall of the Mongol Empire, one of history’s greatest and fiercest: Genghis Khan & the Birth of the Mongol Empire. Before becoming a powerful empire, the Mongols were a group of pastoralist nomads.
The Mongol Empire was the biggest empire in history. Read all about how Genghis Khan led a nomadic state to become a dominant brute force and how the Mongol Empire rose and fell.
Despite its ultimate collapse, the Mongol Empire left an indelible mark on the world. Its influence can be seen in the political, economic, and cultural landscapes of Eurasia, from the shaping of modern-day borders to the spread of technologies such as gunpowder and the printing press.
Timeline of significant events related to the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Founded by Genghis Khan and expanded by his descendants, the empire at its peak spanned from the Pacific Ocean in the east to the Danube River and the shores of the Persian Gulf in the west.