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Overall, the European exploration of Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries was very limited. Instead, they were focused on the slave trade , which only required coastal bases and items to trade. The real exploration of the African interior would start well into the 19th century.
The Scramble for Africa [a] was the conquest and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th century and early 20th century in the era of "New Imperialism": Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal and Spain.
Some of these endured for centuries; however, popular parlance of colonialism in Africa usually focuses on the European conquests of African states and societies in the Scramble for Africa (1884–1914) during the age of New Imperialism, followed by gradual decolonisation after World War II.
The Foureau-Lamy military expedition sent out from Algiers in 1898 to conquer the Chad Basin and unify all French territories in West Africa. French West Africa. Ivory Coast (1843–1960) Dahomey or French Dahomey (now Benin) (1883–1960) Independent of Dahomey, under French protectorate in 1889; Porto-Novo (protectorate) (1863–1865, 1882)
The vast majority of states included in this list existed prior to the Scramble for Africa (c. 1880–1914) when, driven by the Second Industrial Revolution, European powers rapidly colonised Africa. While most states were conquered and dissolved, some kings and elites negotiated the terms of colonial rule, [6]: 15 and traditional power ...
1826 – Scottish explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach the fabled city of Timbuktu, but is murdered upon leaving the city. [99] 1827 – Jedediah Smith crosses the Sierra Nevada (via Ebbetts Pass) and the Great Basin. [29] 1828 – French explorer René Caillié is the first European to return alive from Timbuktu.
European territories in Africa, 1914, following the Scramble for Africa. Satirical drawing: "The modern civilization of Europeː France in Morocco & England in Egypt", A.H. Zaki, 1908–1914. Africa was the target of the third wave of European colonialism, after that of the Americas and Asia. [54]
Between 1878 and 1898, European states partitioned and conquered most of Africa. For 400 years, European nations had mainly limited their involvement to trading stations on the African coast, with few daring to venture inland.