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A portal frame steel building under construction. Portal frame is a construction technique where vertical supports are connected to horizontal beams or trusses via fixed joints with designed-in moment-resisting capacity. [1] The result is wide spans and open floors. Portal frame structures can be constructed using a variety of materials and ...
[12] [104] The initial design called for a height of 404 feet (123 m), with 680,000 square feet (63,000 m 2) of office space, and 38,000 square feet (3,500 m 2) of commercial ground-floor storefronts. In addition, the building would be erected with a steel-and-concrete frame, as well as facade trim made of limestone and buff-colored brick.
Profile increases the effective surface area of the steel. The cleanliness achieved is assessed to ISO 8501-1 grades: these originated from a set of photographic slides in a Swedish standard (SIS) showing exemplars of the common terminology of white-metal, near white-metal, etc. Typically, SA 2½ is used for pipelines (equivalent to NACE N°2).
The actual value of k varies significantly in practice, and is usually between 0.8 and 2.0 W m −1 K −1. [8] This is relatively high when compared to other materials, for example the conductivity of wood may be as low as 0.04 W m −1 K −1. One way of mitigating the effects of thermal conduction is to introduce insulation (see § Insulation).
Headframe of the #1 Shaft at Oyuu Tolgoi. A steel headframe is less expensive than a concrete headframe; the tallest steel headframe measures 87 m. [4] Steel headframes are more adaptable to modifications (making any construction errors easier to remedy), and are considerably lighter, requiring less substantial foundations.
The Bison wall-frame construction system was a construction method used in tower block construction. It was launched in 1963 by Concrete Ltd who set up factories across the UK to pre-fabricate the parts it. It was not a frame structure as such, instead precast concrete panels formed the structure of high rise blocks.
The rules contained in this section can be used as an alternative to the minimum requirements specified in Division 1. Generally the Division 2 rules are more onerous than in Division 1 with respect to materials, design and nondestructive examinations but higher design stress intensity values are allowed. [17]
OCBF steel frame buildings originated in Chicago and reinforced concrete frames originated in Germany and France – areas where earthquakes were not an engineering consideration. [1] Accordingly, special concentrically or eccentrically braced frames were later developed with extensive design requirements, and are frequently used in areas of ...