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Treatment of vocal fold nodules usually involves behavioural intervention therapy administered by a speech–language pathologist. In severe cases, surgery to remove the lesions is recommended for best prognosis. [8] [9] In children, vocal fold nodules are more common in males; in adults, they are more common in females. [10] [5]
Reinke's edema is characterized by a "sac-like" appearance of the vocal folds. [6] The edema is a white translucent fluid that causes a bulging ( distension ) of the vocal cord. [ 2 ] [ 14 ] The most common clinical symptom associated with Reinke's edema is an abnormally low pitched voice with hoarseness.
A videostroboscopy is an examination of the vocal folds using flashes of light to slow down the image of the vocal fold movement enough to provide a sharp picture of the phases of the movement cycle (mucosal wave.) [13] This procedure provides information about vocal fold vibrations during speech, vocal intensity and vocal frequency. [11]
Vocal fold lesions such as a vocal fold nodule or other changes in the vocal fold mucosa can lead to increased tension in the larynx and cause dysphonia. [2] Larynogopharyngeal reflux, a process that is similar to GERD, can bring stomach acid into the larynx. This can provoke the larynx to tense to prevent the aspiration of the acid. [3]
The vocal folds of children are much shorter than those of adult males and females. The difference in vocal fold length and thickness between males and females causes a difference in vocal pitch. Additionally, genetic factors cause variations between members of the same sex, with males' and females' voices being categorized into voice types.
The most common vocal pathologies occurring in children are nodules (55-68% of cases) and damage caused by congenital lesions (27-41% of cases). [19] [23] Other common pathologies in children include vocal fold cysts and polyps. [20]
Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a condition affecting the vocal cords. [1] It is characterized by abnormal closure of the vocal folds, which can result in significant difficulties and distress during breathing, particularly during inhalation. [1] Due to the similarity in symptoms, VCD attacks are often mistaken for asthma attacks or laryngospasms.
Diplophonia is a result of vocal fold vibrations that are quasi-periodic in nature. [2] It has been reported from old days, but there is no uniform interpretation of established mechanisms. [ 3 ] It has been established that diplophonia can be caused by various vocal fold pathologies, such as vocal folds polyp , vocal fold nodule , recurrent ...