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The introduction of the transistor is often considered one of the most important inventions in history. [1] [2] Transistors are broadly classified into two categories: bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and field-effect transistor (FET). [3] The principle of a field-effect transistor was proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. [4]
The first discrete-transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. [94] Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive.
The Early effect in bipolar junction transistors is named after Jim Early, who first characterized it and published a paper on it in 1952. [1] The Early effect in bipolar junction transistors is due to an effective decrease in the base width because of the widening of the base-collector depletion region, resulting in an increase in the ...
The SB-FET (Schottky-barrier field-effect transistor) is a field-effect transistor with metallic source and drain contact electrodes, which create Schottky barriers at both the source-channel and drain-channel interfaces. [64] [65] The GFET is a highly sensitive graphene-based field effect transistor used as biosensors and chemical sensors.
As a result, the charge present on the gate retains charge balance by attracting more carriers into the channel, an effect equivalent to lowering the threshold voltage of the device. In effect, the channel becomes more attractive for electrons. In other words, the potential energy barrier for electrons in the channel is lowered. Hence the term ...
The success of transistor radios led to transistors replacing vacuum tubes as the dominant electronic technology in the late 1950s. [28] The transistor radio went on to become the most popular electronic communication device of the 1960s and 1970s. Billions of transistor radios are estimated to have been sold worldwide between the 1950s and ...
The floating body effect is the effect of dependence of the body potential of a transistor realized by the silicon on insulator (SOI) technology on the history of its biasing and the carrier recombination processes. The transistor's body forms a capacitor against the insulated substrate.
John Bardeen (/ b ɑːr ˈ d iː n /; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) [2] was an American electrical engineer and theoretical physicist.He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N. Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of ...