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Ijtihad (/ ˌ ɪ dʒ t ə ˈ h ɑː d / IJ-tə-HAHD; [1] Arabic: اجتهاد ijtihād [ʔidʒ.tihaːd], lit. ' physical effort ' or ' mental effort ') [2] is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, [3] or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. [2]
[12] [13] From the 18th century on, leading Muslim reformers began calling for abandonment of taqlid and renewed emphasis on ijtihad, which they saw as a return to the vitality of early Islamic jurisprudence.
Ibn Ashur called for ijtihad in the strongest terms. He said, "Ijtihad is a collective duty (fard al-kifayah) on the community according to the measure of need in the community's countries and situations." He chastised the Muslims for neglecting ijtihad despite the fact that the capacity and means are available.
Nizari teachings emphasise independent reasoning or ijtihad; pluralism—the acceptance of racial, ethnic, cultural and inter-religious differences; and social justice. [2] Nizaris, along with Twelvers, adhere to the Jaʽfari school of jurisprudence. [3] The Aga Khan, currently Aga Khan V, is the spiritual leader and Imam of the Nizaris. [4]
Further settlement happened with few decided to build their homes in a village, within few kms from Nasirabad, known as Parshadepur, Raebareli. Ayattollah Al Uzma Sayyid Dildar Ali Naqvi 'Gufraanmaab Naseerabadi ', his family came to be called Khandan e Ijtihad due to prominence of high-ranking
Istiḥsan (Arabic: اِسْتِحْسَان ) is an Arabic term for juristic discretion. In its literal sense it means "to consider something good". Muslim scholars may use it to express their preference for particular judgements in Islamic law over other possibilities.
Fiqh (/ f iː k /; [1] Arabic: فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence. [2] Fiqh is often described as the style of human understanding and practices of the sharia; [3] that is, human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and the sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions).
Fazlur Rahman was born in the Hazara District of the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of British India (now Pakistan).His father, Maulana Shihab al-Din, was a prominent scholar who had studied at Deoband and held the title of alim through his expertise in Islamic law, prophetic narrations, Quranic commentaries, logic, philosophy, and other subjects.