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  2. Idempotence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotence

    Pressing the On button (green) is an idempotent operation, since it has the same effect whether done once or multiple times. Likewise, pressing Off is idempotent. Idempotence ( UK : / ˌ ɪ d ɛ m ˈ p oʊ t ən s / , [ 1 ] US : / ˈ aɪ d ə m -/ ) [ 2 ] is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can ...

  3. Side effect (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)

    setx is idempotent because the second application of setx to 3 has the same effect on the system state as the first application: x was already set to 3 after the first application, and it is still set to 3 after the second application. A pure function is idempotent if it is idempotent in the mathematical sense. For instance, consider the ...

  4. Rounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding

    This variant of the round-to-nearest method is also called convergent rounding, statistician's rounding, Dutch rounding, Gaussian rounding, odd–even rounding, [6] or bankers' rounding. [ 7 ] This is the default rounding mode used in IEEE 754 operations for results in binary floating-point formats.

  5. Idempotent (ring theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotent_(ring_theory)

    An idempotent a + I in the quotient ring R / I is said to lift modulo I if there is an idempotent b in R such that b + I = a + I. An idempotent a of R is called a full idempotent if RaR = R. A separability idempotent; see Separable algebra. Any non-trivial idempotent a is a zero divisor (because ab = 0 with neither a nor b being zero, where b ...

  6. JavaScript - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript

    JavaScript (/ ˈ dʒ ɑː v ə s k r ɪ p t / ⓘ), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language and core technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Ninety-nine percent of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior. [10] Web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine that executes the client code.

  7. Round-off error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-off_error

    Round-by-chop: The base-expansion of is truncated after the ()-th digit. This rounding rule is biased because it always moves the result toward zero. Round-to-nearest: () is set to the nearest floating-point number to . When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also, the last digit, in binary form, is equal ...

  8. Idempotent matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotent_matrix

    Idempotent matrices arise frequently in regression analysis and econometrics. For example, in ordinary least squares , the regression problem is to choose a vector β of coefficient estimates so as to minimize the sum of squared residuals (mispredictions) e i : in matrix form,

  9. Idempotent relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotent_relation

    In mathematics, an idempotent binary relation is a binary relation R on a set X (a subset of Cartesian product X × X) for which the composition of relations R ∘ R is the same as R. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This notion generalizes that of an idempotent function to relations.