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Between 39 and 38 BC, the Roman general Publius Ventidius Bassus defeated the Parthian army, [8] [9] sending troops under the command of Poppaedius Silo to await the arrival of Herod. [9] Herod landed at Ptolemais and began his campaign against Antigonus with the conquest of the Galilee, marched down the coast to take Jaffa and then relieved ...
Free people not considered citizens, but living within the Roman world, were peregrini, non-Romans. [114] In 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana extended citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire. This legal egalitarianism required a far-reaching revision of existing laws that distinguished between citizens and non-citizens. [115]
The siege and the conquest of Jerusalem were a disaster for the Hasmonean Kingdom. Pompey reinstated Hyrcanus II as the High Priest but stripped him of his royal title. However, Rome later recognised him as an ethnarch in 47 BC. [17] Judea remained autonomous but was obliged to pay tribute and became dependent on the Roman administration in Syria.
The book opens with God appearing to Baruch, declaring that Jerusalem's destruction is imminent due to the people's sins and instructing him to warn others to flee. Overcome with despair, Baruch laments that he would rather die than witness the city's fall, calling Jerusalem "my mother", [288] and wonders if the world itself is ending. [289]
On 9 August 378, the Battle of Adrianople resulted in the crushing defeat of the Romans and the death of Valens. Contemporary historian Ammianus Marcellinus estimated that two-thirds of the Roman army were lost in the battle. The battle had far-reaching consequences. Veteran soldiers and valuable administrators were among the heavy casualties.
This is a timeline of Roman history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the Roman Kingdom and Republic and the Roman and Byzantine Empires. To read about the background of these events, see Ancient Rome and History of the Byzantine Empire .
409: Battle of Ostia – Visigoths under Alaric I defeated the Romans. 410, 24 August – Sack of Rome – Visigoths under Alaric sacked Rome. [17] [16] 413 – Siege of Massilia – Visigoths under Ataulf were defeated by Romans under Bonifacius while trying to besiege the Roman city. They made peace with Rome soon after.
A. N. Sherwin-White records that serious discussion of the reasons for Roman persecution of Christians began in 1890 when it produced "20 years of controversy" and three main opinions: first, there was the theory held by most French and Belgian scholars that "there was a general enactment, precisely formulated and valid for the whole empire, which forbade the practice of the Christian religion.