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A manual backpack-type sprayer Space treatment against mosquitoes using a thermal fogger Grubbs Vocational College students spraying Irish potatoes. Pesticide application is the practical way in which pesticides (including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, or nematode control agents) are delivered to their biological targets (e.g. pest organism, crop or other plant).
By far the most frequently used products are formulations for mixing with water then applying as sprays. Water miscible, older formulations include:
One major complication to the use of herbicides for weed control is the ability of plants to evolve herbicide resistance, rendering the herbicides ineffective against target plants. Out of 31 known herbicide modes of action, weeds have evolved resistance to 21. 268 plant species are known to have evolved herbicide resistance at least once. [ 59 ]
Agent Orange, a defoliant used by the British in the Malayan Emergency and the U.S. in the Vietnam War, was equal parts 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). 2,4,5-T itself is toxic with a NOAEL of 3 mg/kg/day and a LOAEL of 10 mg/kg/day. [3] Agent Pink contained 100% 2,4,5-T (dioxin contaminates included).
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula Cl 2 C 6 H 3 OCH 2 CO 2 H.It is usually referred to by its ISO common name 2,4-D. [4] It is a systemic herbicide that kills most broadleaf weeds by causing uncontrolled growth, but most grasses such as cereals, lawn turf, and grassland are relatively unaffected.
Studies show that DCPA and TPA may cause detrimental health effects in laboratory animals, mainly weight loss and diarrhea occurring at doses near 2000 mg/kg/day. There were also effects on the lungs, liver, kidney, and thyroid glands of male and female rats. The LD50, or 50% lethal dose of DCPA, is greater than 10,000 mg/kg in beagle dogs. In ...
Metolachlor is a popular herbicide in the United States. [3] As originally formulated metolachlor was applied as a racemate , a 1:1 mixture of the ( S )- and ( R )-stereoisomers. The ( R )-enantiomer is less active, and modern production methods afford a higher concentration of S-metolachlor, thus current application rates are far lower than ...
Metsulfuron-methyl is an organic compound classified as a sulfonylurea herbicide, which kills broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses. [1] It is a systemic compound with foliar and soil activity, that inhibits cell division in shoots and roots. It has residual activity in soils, allowing it to be used infrequently but requiring up to 22 months ...