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Arabia united under Muhammad (7th century CE) according to traditional accounts Islamic studies do not reveal a specific Islamic religious identity and political attitude with sharp boundaries for early period; [15] The Rāshidūn caliphs used Sasanian symbols (Star and crescent, Fire temple, depictions of the last emperor Khosrow II) by adding the Arabic bismillāh on their coins. [16]
Esposito and DeLong-Bas distinguish four attitudes toward Islam and democracy prominent among Muslims today: [35] Advocacy of democratic ideas, often accompanied by a belief that they are compatible with Islam, which can play a public role within a democratic system, as exemplified by many protestors who took part in the Arab Spring uprisings;
Martin Kramer was one of the first experts to start using the term political Islam in 1980. In 2003, he stated that political Islam can also be seen as tautology because nowhere in the Muslim world is a religion separated from politics. [5] [6] Some experts use terms like Islamism, pointing out the same set of occurrences or they confuse both ...
Islamic modernism is a movement that has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge", [Note 1] attempting to reconcile the Islamic faith with values perceived as modern such as democracy, civil rights, rationality, equality, and progress. [2]
[1] [2] Their work is sometimes characterized as "progressive Islam" (Arabic: الإسلام التقدمي al-Islām at-taqaddumī) or liberal Islam. [3] Some scholars, such as Omid Safi , differentiate between "progressive Muslims" (post-colonial, anti-imperialist, and critical of modernity) versus "liberal advocates of Islam" (an older ...
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
Taraki aimed to reconcile this with Islam by proposing a "progressive, modern, pure Islam," free from "bad traditions, superstition and erroneous belief." This indicated Taraki’s effort to merge Islamic values with socialist principles, reflecting a form of Islamic socialism, although it faced backlash from the Islamic clergy and the rural ...
Secularism is an ambiguous concept that can be understood to refer to a number of policies and ideas—anticlericalism, atheism, state neutrality toward religion, the separation of religion from state, banishment of religious symbols from the public sphere, or disestablishment (separation of church and state, [4] although Islam has no institution corresponding to this sense of "church"). [1]