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In software engineering, coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are, [1] and the strength of the relationships between modules. [2] Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional. [3] Coupling and cohesion. Coupling is usually contrasted with cohesion.
Cohesion is often contrasted with coupling. High cohesion often correlates with loose coupling, and vice versa. [2] The software metrics of coupling and cohesion were invented by Larry Constantine in the late 1960s as part of Structured Design, based on characteristics of “good” programming practices that reduced maintenance and ...
The model is named after database pioneer Charles Bachman, and mostly used in computer software design. In a relational model, a relation is the cohesion of attributes that are fully and not transitive functional dependent [clarify] of every key in that relation. The coupling between the relations is based on accordant attributes.
Four types of autonomy, which promote loose coupling, are: reference autonomy, time autonomy, format autonomy, and platform autonomy. [3] Loose coupling is an architectural principle and design goal in service-oriented architectures. Eleven forms of loose coupling and their tight coupling counterparts are listed in: [4]
The indirection pattern supports low coupling and reuses potential between two elements by assigning the responsibility of mediation between them to an intermediate object. An example of this is the introduction of a controller component for mediation between data (model) and its representation (view) in the model-view-controller pattern.
Example of a structured analysis approach. [1]In software engineering, structured analysis (SA) and structured design (SD) are methods for analyzing business requirements and developing specifications for converting practices into computer programs, hardware configurations, and related manual procedures.
The hexagonal architecture, or ports and adapters architecture, is an architectural pattern used in software design. It aims at creating loosely coupled application components that can be easily connected to their software environment by means of ports and adapters. This makes components exchangeable at any level and facilitates test automation ...
Box A has no coupling. The dispersion relation shows 2 shifted free space dispersion relations. Box B shows how the gap at k=0 opens for weak coupling. Box C shows the strong coupling limit where the double degenerate minima in the first band merge into a single ground state at k=0.