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Characteristic symptoms are increased muscle tone (dystonia, such as clubfoot) and Parkinsonian features, typically absent in the morning or after rest but worsening during the day and with exertion. Children with dopamine-responsive dystonia are often misdiagnosed as having cerebral palsy. The disorder responds well to treatment with levodopa.
DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR symptoms [4] [5] ICD-11 symptoms [6] Inattention Six or more of the following symptoms in children, and five or more in adults, excluding situations where these symptoms are better explained by another psychiatric or medical condition: Frequently overlooks details or makes careless mistakes
In the UK, diagnosis is based on quite a narrow set of symptoms, and about 0.5–1% of children are thought to have attention or hyperactivity problems. In comparison, professionals in the U.S. used a much broader definition of the term ADHD until recently. [32] This meant up to 10% of children in the U.S. were described as having ADHD.
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine , benztropine , diphenhydramine , and ...
Tardive dyskinesia occurs as a result of long-term use of dopamine-receptor-blocking medications such as antipsychotics and metoclopramide. [1] [2] These medications are usually used for mental illness but may also be given for gastrointestinal or neurological problems. [1] The condition typically develops only after months to years of use.
Dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) is a dysfunction of the reward system observed in some individuals taking dopaminergic medications for an extended length of time. It is characterized by severely disinhibited patterns of behavior, [1] leading to problems such as addiction to the offending medication, gambling addiction, or compulsive sexual behavior, [2] along with a general orientation ...
It is helpful in lowering blood pressure and heart rate, but it does not show much of an effect on other symptoms. It may also increase sympathetic inhibition in the brainstem. [medical citation needed] Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist that helps lower blood pressure. Its effects are modest, but they are not well understood.
EXD is commonly observed in psychostimulant abusers as these drugs directly impact the dopaminergic transporters, increasing the extracellular dopamine levels. [21] [6] Amplified excitation of the dopaminergic systems can induce extreme fear and magnify both approach and avoidance behaviors. [6]