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Knowledge, education and understanding are uppermost in management plans for tic disorders, [6] and psychoeducation is the first step. [14] [15] A child's parents are typically the first to notice their tics; [16] they may feel worried, imagine that they are somehow responsible, or feel burdened by misinformation about Tourette's. [14]
Tourettism refers to the presence of Tourette-like symptoms in the absence of Tourette syndrome, as the result of other diseases or conditions, known as "secondary causes". Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal tic .
Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.
Although tic disorders are commonly considered to be childhood syndromes, tics occasionally develop during adulthood; adult-onset tics often have a secondary cause. [33] Tics that begin after the age of 18 are not diagnosed as Tourette's syndrome, but may be diagnosed as an "other specified" or "unspecified" tic disorder. [24]
In the fourth revision of the DSM , tic disorders were classified as follows: [12] Transient tic disorder consisted of multiple motor and/or phonic tics with duration of at least 4 weeks, but less than 12 months. Chronic tic disorder was either single or multiple motor or phonic tics, but not both, which were present for more than a year.
"Individuals with tics may have either a generalized or a localized sensation of tension that is relieved by movement, [that is] the tic." [ 2 ] Sensory phenomena in tic disorders include bodily sensations, mental urges, and a sense of inner tension, feelings of incompleteness, and a need for things to be "just right".
Tardive tourettism is a tic disorder featuring the same symptoms as Tourette syndrome. The two disorders are extremely close in nature and often can only be differentiated by the details of their respective onsets. Tardive myoclonus, a rare disorder, presents as brief jerks of muscles in the face, neck, trunk, and extremities. [13]
The Autism – Tics, ADHD, and other Comorbidities Inventory (A–TAC) is a psychological measure used to screen for other conditions occurring with tics. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Along with tic disorders , it screens for autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other conditions with onset in childhood. [ 1 ]