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The mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and fungi is fundamental to terrestrial ecosystems, with evolutionary origins before the colonization of land by plants. [17] In the mycorrhizal symbiosis, a plant and a fungus become physically linked to one another and establish an exchange of resources between one another.
A hypha (from Ancient Greek ὑφή (huphḗ) 'web'; pl.: hyphae) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. [1] In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium .
The nectar is a sugary substance that attracts birds and bees to the flower, who then take the pollen from the lining of the hypanthium and transfer it to the next flower they visit, usually a neighbouring plant. [5] The stamens borne on the hypanthium are the pollen-producing reproductive organs of the flower.
Their narrow pores are necessary in their function in most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms which lack sieve-tube members and only have sieve cells to transport molecules. [1] While sieve cells have smaller sieve areas, they are still distributed across several cells to still effectively transport material to various tissue within the ...
Side view of Tropaeolum majus, a plant with a nectar spur arising from the hypanthium of the flower. A nectar spur is a hollow extension of a part of a flower. The spur may arise from various parts of the flower: the sepals, petals, or hypanthium, and often contain tissues that secrete nectar (nectaries).
ABC model of flower development guided by three groups of homeotic genes. The ABC model of flower development is a scientific model of the process by which flowering plants produce a pattern of gene expression in meristems that leads to the appearance of an organ oriented towards sexual reproduction, a flower.
After more tips turn in the same direction, their hyphae form a stronger directional field. In this way, it is possible to observe the spontaneous orientation of growing hypha in a single direction, which simulates the strands, cords and rhizomorphs produced by many species of fungi in nature. The parameters under which the model operates can ...
Flowers and tuber of Anredera cordifolia. A stem tuber forms from thickened rhizomes or stolons. The top sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves and the undersides produce roots. They tend to form at the sides of the parent plant and are most often located near the soil surface.